The purpose of this article is a comparative analysis of liquidity and solvency as components of the assessment of an organization’s financial condition.

   The methodological basis comprises scientific works and periodicals in the field of liquidity and solvency assessment. The article compares two main indicators of financial condition assessment — solvency and liquidity — and analyzes liquidity as the foundation of solvency. The author concludes that both liquidity and solvency are necessary for assessing the financial condition of an organization, and these indicators should be considered in interrelation.

   This article is devoted to a comprehensive study of annuities as key financial instruments that go beyond traditional calculations and their growing role in effective financial planning.

   The aim of the work is to identify the features of the application of annuities in various contexts, including the evaluation of investment projects, the management of long–term obligations, and personal financial planning.

   The study focuses on a comparative analysis of two main types of annuities — annuity due and ordinary annuity — for each of which the scope of application is considered and key indicators are identified. The methodology is based on literature analysis, a comparative approach, and the use of illustrative practical examples. The information base includes scientific articles, monographs, and statistical data. The results obtained provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms for using annuities to optimize financial decisions and increase their effectiveness.

   The article presents a quantitative assessment of regional heterogeneity in the system of higher education in the Russian Federation based on the official statistical form VP–1 for 2024. The methodology employs the Shannon entropy index and the Herfindahl–Hirschman index, calculated across 56 detailed fields of study for all federal subjects. These complementary indices capture, respectively, the degree of diversification and the level of concentration in regional higher education profiles. The findings reveal a pronounced polarization: multidisciplinary centers such as Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and the Republic of Tatarstan exhibit high entropy and low concentration, whereas peripheral and sparsely populated regions — particularly in the Far East and the North Caucasus — show narrow specialization and high concentration. The study highlights a deep spatial asymmetry in higher education structure, shaped by historical, demographic, and institutional factors.

   The article examines the transformation of the migration policy of the Russian Federation from the early post–Soviet reforms to the most recent conceptual documents defining the guidelines for 2026–2030. The analysis focuses on the shift from a predominantly administrative and restrictive approach towards a more complex regulatory model that combines control over migration flows with demographic objectives, labour market needs and security considerations. The key stages include the institutional formation of migration policy in the 1990s, the adoption of the Concept of the State Migration Policy of the Russian Federation up to 2025 and the subsequent revision of strategic priorities towards stronger demographic and regional dimensions. The empirical basis consists of legal acts, official policy concepts and analytical materials produced by Russian research centres, which make it possible to compare declared goals with the actual mechanisms used to implement migration policy. The article shows that the evolution of migration policy has been accompanied by increasing complexity of regulatory instruments and by growing requirements for coherence between migration, demographic, social and regional policy domains.

   Amid the growing volatility of global supply chains in the electronic component base (ECB) sector, companies face the urgent need to identify effective mechanisms for cost reduction and enhanced operational resilience. This study provides a quantitative assessment of the impact of specialized industry conferences on key performance indicators of supply chains. Using a quasi–experimental design with the Difference–in–Differences (DiD) method and complementary econometric models, the research analyzes data on interactions between ECB suppliers and consumers.

   The purpose of the study is to determine the role of conferences as a tool for reducing transaction costs, manifested through shorter contract negotiation times, fewer defects, and greater supply reliability.

   The results show that participation in conferences statistically significantly reduces deal finalization time, lowers the likelihood of quality-related disputes, and decreases the variability of delivery times. Empirical analysis confirmed that participation in conferences reduced the average contract negotiation time by 12.8 % (p < 0.01), reflecting a decline in coordination costs and an improvement in communication efficiency among market participants. Particular attention is paid to the joint participation of engineering and procurement specialists, which has a stronger positive effect compared to the participation of commercial representatives alone.

   The scientific novelty of the study lies in the application of rigorous econometric methods to evaluate an informal coordination institution and in the integration of approaches from transaction cost theory and network analysis.

   The article examines strategic management systems of development companies operating under conditions of high competition in tourism markets, characterized by seasonal demand concentration, spatial constraints, and strengthened institutional regulation. The study is conducted in the format of an analytical review and synthesis of contemporary scholarly works, within which development is interpreted not as an isolated investment and construction activity, but as a process of managing territorial development and the tourism product. The analysis is based on studies addressing the interrelationship between tourism and real estate, seasonality management, spatial planning, digitalization, sustainable development, and the role of cultural factors in shaping the competitive advantages of destinations. Particular attention is paid to interpreting the seasonal concentration of tourism demand as a structural constraint that frames managerial decision–making and intensifies the need for coordination between real estate assets, infrastructural capacity, and sustainability requirements. The synthesis of the results demonstrates a shift in development practice from an object–oriented logic toward managing territory as an integrated tourism asset, within which the developer acts as a coordinator of the interests of the state, business, and local communities. The article may be of interest to entrepreneurs, researchers in the fields of tourism and real estate economics, and practitioners engaged in the strategic management of development projects in competitive tourism destinations.

   In this work discusses effective control methods as key elements in ensuring the successful implementation of managerial decisions at an enterprise. It analyzes the types and forms of control at all stages of the production cycle. The paper proposes a classification and description of the main effective control methods in the process of making and implementing managerial decisions. Special attention is given to recommendations for improving the control system in the implementation of managerial decisions, which have a significant positive impact on optimizing the enterprise’s business processes and improving the quality of strategic decisions.

   The article examines and analyzes the features of the country’s economic growth in 2025, the reasons, and some factors contributing to the decline in growth rates. Special attention is given to the current monetary policy (conditions), the dynamics of the key interest rate, the volatility of the Russian ruble exchange rate, the strengthening of the Russian ruble against the dollar and the euro, and the currency corridor by month in 2025. The article provides a list of sanctions (restrictions) imposed by unfriendly countries on Russia, and highlights the geopolitical tensions that are expected to occur in 2025. The article also discusses and analyzes several other factors that may impact the country’s economic situation, and offers suggestions and recommendations for promoting economic growth and development.

   The purpose of this article is to substantiate the economic and social value of human capital in older adults and develop a comprehensive approach to its effective use in the context of global demographic aging.

   The methodological framework includes statistical analysis, scientific papers, and periodicals in the field of the «silver economy». The article presents human capital in the «silver» age group as a valuable economic resource with unique competencies. The positive effects of its use, as well as potential risks, are analyzed. The author proposes a systemic approach to the integration of the older generation, including measures at the state, corporate, and individual levels.